In the context of the 4th scientific meeting of the AgroParisTech- Suez Chair "Water for All - General Management of Water and Sanitation Services", the technical report from the lessons of this event deals with the question of how institutional and organisational barriers to the development of sanitation can be overcome.  In this context, Sophie Schramm reports on the changing sanitation in Hanoi

Historical studies on how sanitation develops in a city provides with important knowledge. Schramm presents the case of sanitation in Hanoi. After a presentation of the conceptual framework based on a sociotechnical approach, the main features of Hanoi are exposed to understand how sanitation works there. A historical perspective on sanitation in the French colonial era is then proposed. This paper concludes on the current situation.

The entire technical report can be found in English and French here.

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